Glaucoma e óleo de silicone / Glaucoma and silicone oils

RESUMO O óleo de silicone é um importante tampão utilizado na retinopexia cirúrgica de casos graves de descolamento de retina. O aumento da pressão intraocular e o desenvolvimento de glaucoma secundário são frequentes complicações da sua utilização. A depender do período de aparecimento, diversos mecanismos justificam a ocorrência de tais complicações. Compreender os fatores de riscos e a patogênese do aumento da pressão intraocular associada a aplicação de óleo de silicone em cirurgia retiniana ajuda a orientar o tratamento adequado para cada paciente. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar a literatura sobre a patogenia, a incidência, os fatores de risco e o tratamento desta condição clínica.

ABSTRACT Silicone oil has been an important intraocular tamponade in retinopexy in cases of complicated retinal detachment surgery. The increase of intraocular pressure and development of secondary glaucoma are a known complication of its use. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis, depending on the onset. This article aims to review the literature about pathogenesis, the incidence and risk factors, as well as the treatment of this pathology.

Endophthalmitis Caused by Mixed Infections in Silicone Oil-filled Eye:One Case Report / 中国医学科学院学报

The incidence of endophthalmitis after vitrectomy is extremely low,especially lower in silicone oil-filled eyes.Silicone oil exerts a toxic effect on the cell membranes of microorganisms and leads to the lack of nutrients.It is thus believed to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi.Endophthalmitis induced by mixed bacteria in silicone oil-filled eye has been rarely reported.We reviewed the clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and treatment of a patient with endophthalmitis caused by mixed infection of

Efectividad de la facoemulsificación para el control de la presión intraocular en pacientes vitrectomizados con aceite de silicona / Effectiveness of phacoemulsification to control intraocular pressure in patients undergoing vitrectomy with silicone oil injection

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de la cirugía de catarata para el control de la presión intraocular en pacientes vitrectomizados con aceite de silicona remitidos de la consulta de Retina al Servicio de Catarata del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer, en el período comprendido de enero de 2016 a enero de 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de series de casos en 20 pacientes. El universo quedó conformado por todos los pacientes vitrectomizados, a quienes se les colocó aceite de silicona como sustituto del vítreo con diagnóstico de catarata e hipertensión ocular. Resultados: Los pacientes vitrectomizados con aceite de silicona, a quienes se les realizó cirugía de catarata, se caracterizaron por un predominio del sexo masculino y la edad menor de 60 años, asociado a enfermedad vitreorretiniana de base. La cirugía de catarata se relacionó con una importante disminución de la presión intraocular en el posoperatorio. Todos los pacientes alcanzaron un ángulo camerular abierto posterior a la cirugía, que favoreció la disminución del uso de tratamiento tópico. No fue necesaria la cirugía filtrante posterior a esta. Conclusiones: En los pacientes vitrectomizados, la cirugía de catarata muestra una mejoría sostenida de las presiones intraoculares hasta el sexto mes del posoperatorio(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness of cataract surgery to control intraocular pressure in patients undergoing vitrectomy with silicone injection referred by retina specialists to the Cataract Service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from January 2016 to January 2017. Methods: A descriptive prospective case-series study was conducted of 20 patients. The universe was all the patients undergoing vitrectomy with administration of silicone oil as a vitreal substitute who were diagnosed with cataract and ocular hypertension. Results: Patients undergoing vitrectomy with silicone oil injection and cataract surgery were mostly male, mean age was under 60 years, and a relationship was found to underlying vitreoretinal disease. Cataract surgery was associated to a considerable reduction in intraocular pressure in the postoperative period. All patients achieved an open chamber angle after surgery, leading to a reduction in the use of topical medication. Eventual filtration surgery was not required. Conclusions: In patients undergoing vitrectomy, cataract surgery leads to sustained intraocular pressure improvement until the sixth month of the postoperative period(AU)

Complicações locais após a injeção de silicone líquido industrial: série de casos / Local complications after industrial liquid silicone injection: case series

OBJETIVO: analisar uma série de casos de pacientes submetidos à injeção de silicone líquido industrial de maneira clandestina e por pessoas não habilitadas. MÉTODOS: análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes atendidos no período de setembro de 2003 a dezembro de 2010. Foram avaliados: sexo, idade, local e volume de silicone injetado, tempo decorrido entre a aplicação e as manifestações clínicas, complicações, tratamento e evolução. Definiu-se como precoce as manifestações ocorridas até 30 dias da injeção e manifestações tardias após este período. RESULTADOS: Foram atendidos 12 pacientes, oito eram do sexo masculino, sendo sete transexuais. O volume injetado variou de 5ml a 2000ml, sendo desconhecido em três casos. Os locais mais frequentemente utilizados para injeção foram a região de coxas e glúteos. Oito casos apresentaram manifestações precoces, com quadros de inflamação e/ou infecção. Foi necessária a realização de desbridamento cirúrgico em cinco casos. Três pacientes com histórico de injeção na região mamária foram submetidas à adenomastectomia. Houve um óbito por quadro de choque séptico refratário. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do silicone líquido industrial deve ser totalmente contraindicado como material de preenchimento e modificação do contorno corporal, podendo apresentar graves complicações e até mesmo óbito.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze a case series of patients who underwent injection of industrial liquid silicone in a clandestine manner and by unauthorized persons. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of patients treated between September 2003 and December 2010. Data regarding gender, age, location and volume of silicone injected, time between application and clinical manifestations, complications, treatment and outcome were collected. Early manifestations were defined as occurring within 30 days of injection and late manifestations, the ones arising after this period. RESULTS: We treated 12 patients, eight were male, seven transsexuals. The volume injected ranged from 5ml to 2000ml, being unknown in three cases. The most often used injected sites were the thighs and buttocks. Eight patients had early manifestations, with inflammation and/or infection. Surgical debridement was necessary in five cases. Three patients with a history of injection in the breast region underwent adenomastectomy. There was one death due to refractory septic shock. CONCLUSION: The use of industrial liquid silicone should be completely contraindicated as a filling material and modification of body contouring, and may have serious complications, even death.

Factors having implications on re-retinal detachments after silicone oil removal.

Aim: To investigate factors having implications on re-retinal detachments (reRD) after silicone oil removal (SOR). Materials and Methods: A retroprospective study of 412 eyes (with attached retina after vitrectomy with silicone oil for rhegmatogenous RD) which underwent SOR was conducted and were followed up for six months after SOR. They were studied for various factors like encirclage, 360° retinopexy, oil emulsification at the time of SOR, duration of oil tamponade and previous retinal surgeries prior to SOR with their implications on reRD after SOR. Results: Encirclage, 360 laser barrage, both, emulsification of oil (P=0.021, P=0.001, P=0.001, P=0.001, respectively) were associated with lower risks of reRD after SOR whereas duration of tamponade (P=0.980) was not. Conclusion: Factors like encirclage, 360 retinopexy, their combination, oil emulsification reduced the incidence of re RD after SOR whereas duration of tamponade does not have statistical significant correlation with re RD after SOR.

Siliconomas / Siliconomas

INTRODUÇÃO: O silicone líquido industrial tem sido introduzido no organismo humano de forma clandestina, com a finalidade de corrigir defeitos, depressões, irregularidades e para aumentar volumes, tanto em mulheres como em homens ou transgêneros. Com tal uso, podem ocorrer várias complicações, tais como infecções, necroses teciduais e, mais tardiamente, a migração do produto, pelo sistema linfático, venoso ou mesmo pela força da gravidade. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 11 pacientes portadores de siliconomas, pertencentes ao ambulatório do Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Universitário da UFJF e da Clínica Plastic Center, em Juiz de Fora, MG, no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2010. Desses, 7 eram do gênero masculino e quatro do gênero feminino, sendo que desse total, 3 eram transgêneros. Todos os pacientes referiam com clareza o material injetado em seus organismos e todos fizeram o procedimento em ambiente não hospitalar e por indivíduos leigos. CONCLUSÃO: Este artigo tem como objetivo maior esclarecer as consequências danosas que esse produto pode causar no organismo, como cicatrizes de grandes proporções e sequelas estéticas e funcionais.

INTRODUCTION: The industrial liquid silicone has been introduced in the human body in a clandestine manner, with the purpose of correcting defects, depressions, irregularities and to increase volumes in women, men or transgenders. Several complications can occur, such as infection, tissue necrosis, and later migration of the product through the lymphatic system, venous system, or even by force of gravity. METHODS: Eleven patients with siliconomas, belonging to the ambulatory service of plastic surgery of Hospital Universitário da UFJF and Clinic Plastic Center in Juiz de Fora, MG, were evaluated from January 2005 to December 2010. Of these, 7 were male and 4 female, and there were 3 transvestites. All patients clearly referred the material injected into their bodies and have done all the procedure in a non-hospital environment and by lay individuals. CONCLUSION: This article's primary goal is to clarify the harmful consequences that this product may cause to the body such as scars and major aesthetic and functional sequelae.

The management of complicated glaucoma.

Complicated glaucomas present considerable diagnostic and management challenges. Response to treatment can be unpredictable or reduced compared with other glaucomas. However, target intraocular pressure and preservation of vision may be achieved with selected medical, laser and surgical treatment. The evidence for such treatment is expanding and consequently affords clinicians a better understanding of established and novel techniques. Herein we review the mechanisms involved in the development of complicated glaucoma and the current evidence supporting its management.

Effectiveness of diode laser trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation in patients following silicone oil-induced ocular hypertension in Chinese eyes.

We evaluated the effectiveness of diode laser trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in nine patients having raised IOP following use of silicone oil (SO) for retinal detachment (RD) surgery in a retrospective observational case series. Diode laser TSCPC was applied at a power setting of 1.75 to 2.5 watts, for two sec with a maximum of 30 applications. The patients were followed up for 40 to 312 weeks. The mean pre-laser IOP was 32.06 mm Hg (SD 7.32). The mean post-laser IOP at one month, three months and six months was 17.89 mm Hg (SD 8.23), 21.89 mm Hg (SD 8.16) and 21.67 mm Hg (SD 7.55) respectively. The final IOP (at the last follow-up) was 19.56 mm Hg (SD 7.85) (P=0.021). Seven of them had undergone SO removal. In our observation, effectiveness of TSCPC in long-term control of SO-induced ocular hypertension was limited as compared to short-term control of IOP.

Pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade for acute endophthalmitis treatment / Vitrectomia pars plana e tamponamento por óleo de silicone para o tratamento de endoftalmite aguda

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for the treatment of infectious endophthalmitis. METHODS: 35 cases of endophthalmitis secondary to phacoemulsification (20 patients), trabeculectomy (8 patients), perforating trauma (2 patients), trauma (2 patients), corneal transplantation (1 patient), vitrectomy (1 patient) and corneal ulceration (1 patient) were retrospectively studied. Patients were separated into two groups: Group 1 (n=24): intravitreal antibiotic injection, associated with topical and oral antibiotics; Group 2 (n=11): vitrectomy with intravitreal antibiotic injection and silicone oil injection. The follow-up ranged from 1 to 48 months (mean of 16 months). RESULTS: From 24 patients in group 1, 11 patients (45.83 percent), had infection controlled with intravitreal antibiotic injection only; 13 patients (54.15 percent) regressed to uncontrolled endophthalmitis, in which two patients (8.33 percent) were submitted to evisceration and one patient (4.16 percent) had corneal melting. The remaining 10 patients (41.66 percent) with uncontrolled endophthalmitis were submitted to pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Six patients (25 percent) from Group I had retinal detachment during the first month of follow-up and also required pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. In Group 2 patients (n=11), all of them had controlled infection at the first procedure. In one case (9.09 percent), a severe proliferatative vitreoretinopathy induced loss of vision. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that silicone oil tamponade might be beneficial in the treatment strategy of infectious endophthalmitis.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da vitrectomia pars plana com tamponamento com óleo de silicone no tratamento de endoftalmite aguda. MÉTODOS: Trinta e cinco pacientes com endoftalmite, sendo 20 secundário à facoemulsificação, 8 por trabeculectomia, 2 por trauma perfurante, 2 por trauma, 1 por transplante de córnea, 1 por vitrectomia, e 1 por úlcera de córnea, foram estudados retrospectivamente. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos. Grupo 1 (n=24): injeção de antibiótico intravítreo (AIV), associado com antibióticos oral e sistêmico; Grupo 2 (n=11): vitrectomia com AIV e óleo de silicone. O seguimento variou de 1 a 48 meses (média de 16 meses). RESULTADOS: Dos 24 pacientes no Grupo 1, 11 (45,83 por cento) tiveram controle da infecção apenas com injeção AIV, 13 (54,15 por cento) não controlaram a endoftalmite, sendo que, dois destes (8,33 por cento) foram submetidos à evisceração e um (4,16 por cento) evoluiu para "melting" corneano. Os outros 10 (41,66 por cento) pacientes foram submetidos à vitrectomia pars plana e óleo de silicone. Seis pacientes (25 por cento) do Grupo 1 tiveram descolamento de retina e também necessitaram de vitrectomia pars plana e óleo de silicone. No Grupo 2 (n=11), todos tiveram controle da infecção no primeiro procedimento e não necessitaram de mais intervenções, exceto pela remoção do óleo de silicone três meses depois. CONCLUSÃO:Os resultados sugerem que o tamponamento por óleo de silicone parece ser benéfico na estratégia de tratamento da endoftalmite infecciosa aguda.

Refractive Change Caused Silicone Oil Adhesion to the Intraocular Lens Following Nd:YAG Posterior Capsulotomy

A 32-year-old female who had undergone the silicone oil removal procedure presented with visual disturbance in her left eye. Several months previous, she had cataract surgery in a private clinic, and a month later she had a Nd:YAG laser procedure for posterior capsulotomy. The slit-lamp examination revealed silicone oil droplets that had adhered to the intraocular lens where the posterior capsulotomy was performed. She had experienced high myopia as a manifestation of the resulting refractive changes. We replaced the previous intraocular lens with a new acrylic intraocular lens with resulting improvement to her vision. Here we report the case of a female patient with a history of silicone oil removal surgery where the resulting silicone bubbles had not been removed thoroughly and remained in the vitreous cavity. These bubbles subsequently adhered to the intraocular lens following YAG laser posterior capsulotomy, resulting in refractive changes. We recommend that implanting a silicone intraocular lens in anyone with a history of the silicone oil removal procedure or who has a possible history of silicone oil use should be avoided.

Intraocular tissue migration of silicone oil after silicone oil tamponade: a histopathological study of enucleated silicone oil-filled eyes.

Retrospective clinical and histopathological review of eight silicone oil-filled enucleated eyeballs using light microscopy was carried out in our department of ocular pathology during a period of six years. In all cases, silicone oil vacuoles, both free and incorporated within macrophages were seen in all the retinal layers. Silicone oil vacuoles were seen in the optic nerve, choroid, retinal pigment epithelium, corneal stroma, iris and ciliary body stroma, preretinal and subretinal membranes and retro-corneal membranes. Silicone oil migration could be seen in intraocular tissues as early as two months post surgery. There was no definite histopathological correlation between duration of tamponade and distribution of silicone oil vacuoles. Silicone oil vacuoles were seen in the optic nerve in eyes with neovascular glaucoma. Chronic inflammatory reaction was observed in the retinal tissue in the vicinity of silicone oil vacuoles.

Injeção ilícita de silicone líquido: revisão de literatura apropósito de dois casos de necrose de mamas / Illicit injection of liquid silicon: literature review

O silicone líquido foi introduzido no início do século XX comfinalidade estética e reparadora, teve seu apogeu no Japão, nadécada de 1950, e logo após apareceram as primeiraspublicações das reações adversas e suas complicações,principalmente com a prática de injeção ilícita dessa substânciapor pessoas não qualificadas. Este trabalho tem finalidade derealizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos da injeção desilicone líquido a propósito de casos de necrose de mamas.

The liquid silicon was introduced begin in the XX’s century withaesthetic and reparative purpose, had its acme in Japan, in thedecade of 1950, and soon after they appeared the firstpublications of the adverse reactions and their complications,mainly with the practice of illicit injection of that nourishes forunqualified people. This work has purpose of accomplishing abibliographical revision on the effects of the injection of liquidsilicon concerning cases of necrosis of breast.

Estudo macular em olhos com óleo de silicone por meio da tomografia de coerência óptica / Optical coherence tomography macular study on eyes filled with silicone oil

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a eficácia da tomografia de coerência óptica na avaliação da estrutura anatômica macular em olhos com a cavidade vítrea preenchida por óleo de silicone. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional descritivo de 28 (vinte e oito) pacientes submetidos a vitrectomia com utilização de óleo de silicone como substituto vítreo. Estes pacientes foram avaliados pela biomicroscopia, oftalmoscopia indireta e pela tomografia de coerência óptica. RESULTADO: Todos os pacientes apresentaram retina aplicada no pós-operatório. A realização da tomografia de coerência óptica não apresentou dificuldade técnica na sua execução. O "cisto" de retina, membrana epi-retiniana e buraco lamelar foram apenas detectados na tomografia de coerência óptica. CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia de coerência óptica demonstrou boa eficácia para detectar alterações maculares em olhos com óleo de silicone. Assim, evidenciamos que é factível a execução deste exame e que este pode nos ajudar a diagnosticar alterações subclínicas no pós-operatório nestes pacientes.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate optical coherence tomography efficacy to evaluate macular anatomical outcomes, in eyes with silicone oil-filled vitreous cavity after vitrectomy. METHODS: A descriptive observational study of 28 (twenty-eight) patients submitted to pars plana vitrectomy having silicone oil as vitreous substitute. The macular findings were observed by means of indirect binocular ophthalmoscope, biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography examinations. RESULTS: During the follow-up period the retina remained attached in all patients. In some cases, intraretinal cysts, epiretinal membrane and lamellar macular hole were observed only by optical coherence tomography examination. CONCLUSION: Optical coherence tomography provided improved imaging of finer retinal structures in eyes with silicone oil-filled vitreous cavity. Therefore, optical coherence tomography examination should be systematically performed in eyes filled with silicone oil to recognize changes in retinal morphology.

Prótese de íris, na aniridia traumática, como tentativa de controlar glaucoma refratário provocado pela presença de óleo de silicone na câmara anterior: relato de caso / Iris prosthesis in traumatic aniridia as an attempt to control refractory glaucoma induced by silicone oil in the anterior chamber: case report

O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar a eficácia da prótese iriana na resolução do glaucoma refratário, provocado pela presença de óleo de silicone na câmara anterior. Trata-se de paciente que sofreu trauma por estilhaços de projétil de arma de fogo. A cirurgia vítreo-retiniana visou a remoção dos corpos estranhos intra-oculares e posicionamento da retina, que se encontrava descolada. Devido à ausência parcial do tecido iriano e a afacia, o óleo de silicone introduzido na câmara vítrea, para manter a retina colada, migrou para a câmara anterior e provocou gradativa diminuição do número de células endoteliais e aumento da pressão intra-ocular incontrolável clinicamente. Optamos pela fixação transescleral da prótese de íris para corrigir tais complicações. Após 45 meses de evolução, a acuidade visual estabilizou-se em conta dedos a 1 metro e a pressão intra-ocular em 14 mmHg. Concluímos que a tríade composta pela ausência do diafragma iriano, afacia e impossibilidade da remoção do óleo de silicone, devido a inexorável recorrência de descolamento de retina, deve levar o cirurgião a ponderar sobre a fixação transescleral da prótese de íris. Esta conduta poderá controlar a pressão intra-ocular e/ou preservar a transparência corneana, impedindo o contato do óleo de silicone com a malha trabecular e com o endotélio corneano.

Cianoacrilato em perfuraçäo corneana pós-injeçäo de silicone intra-ocular: relato de 1 caso / Cyanoacrylate adhesive in the treatment of corneal perforation after silicone oil injection: a case report

Descreve-se o emprego de cola sintética (cianoacrilato) para tamponar perfuraçäo corneana central após vitrectomia via pars plana com injeçäo de silicone intra-ocular em paciente com hipotensäo severa, decorrente de trauma ocular penetrante. Discutem-se os possíveis mecanismos desencadeantes desta rara complicaçäo relacionada ao uso do óleo de silicone

Silicone oil keratopathy

Light microscopy and electron microscopic examination were carried out on the corneal buttons of two patients who required penetrating keratoplasty for treatment of corneal complication following the intraocular injection of silicone oil to repair recurrent retinal detachments in aphakic eyes. Light microscopic examination demonstrated increased cellularity and irregularity of collagen fibers of stromal layer, defect of endothelial cell layer and endothelial degeneration. Electron microscopy examination demonstrated marked decrease in endothelial cell population density, accompanied by flattening and thinning of the remaining cells and attenuation of cell borders. There were silicone droplets in the endothelial cell layer and collagenous layer posterior to endothelial layer. These findings are well correlated to clinical manifestation and are thought to be rather due to barrier effect of silicone oil than direct toxicity.

Surgical management of giant retinal tears.

Giant retinal tear is one of the causes of complex retinal detachment which resists treatment. Various surgical techniques have been developed in the past to treat such a tear. These include pars plana vitrectomy with or without scleral buckling, use of viscoelastic agent, air, expanding gas, silicone oil, retinal tacks, retinal sutures, retinal incarceration. We study the result of surgical treatment of giant retinal tears in 14 patients. The surgical techniques used were pars plana vitrectomy with or without scleral buckling, fluid-air exchange, silicone oil or expanding gas and postoperative laser retinopexy. Thirteen eyes had successful intraoperative reattachment of the retinae, of those 10(71.4%) eyes the retinae remain attached through the mean follow-up of 9.4 (range 6-22) months. The retina was not reattached intraoperatively in only one eye. Three eyes developed periretinal membranes and redetached within 10 months after the operation. Oil emulsification and secondary open angle glaucoma were the most common complications in our series, each complication occurred in five patients.

Alteraçöes refrativas induzidas pelo óleo de silicone intraocular / Refractive change from use of intraocular silicone oil

Os autores determinaram as variaçöes refracionais induzidas pelo óleo de silicone intra-ocular em onze fácicos e em 13 olhos afácicos. Nos olhos fácicos houve um aumento na hipermetropia de 6,4 D, em média, e nos afácicos houve uma reduçäo na hipermetropia de 7,4 D, em média. Essas variaçöes refracionais säo devidas, fundamentalmente, ao maior índice de refraçäo do silicone, quando comparado com os índices de refraçäo dos meios dióptricos oculares